It was a town or settlement developed as commodity production grew in rural communities such as a farming village from the medieval period to early modern period in japan . 日本において中世から近世の時代に、農村部などで商品生産の発展に伴って発生した町・集落。
In order to control the processes of production and distribution of commodities and lower prices , he authorized guilds of handicraftsmen as a trade guild (kabunakama ) and encouraged its organization , while imposing business taxes called unjo , myoga on them . 商品生産・流通を掌握し、物価を引き下げるため手工業者の仲間組織を株仲間として公認、奨励して、そこに運上・冥加などを課税した。
Kyoto had been developed as a high-value-added commodity production area , or industrial city , such as those for the wealthy class , and its products and craftsmen circulated around various areas in japan , which brought the accompanying influence of kyoto culture to those regions thereon . 京は富裕層向けを初めとした高付加価値商品生産地、すなわち工業都市として発展し、製品・職人が日本各地へと流れ、付随して京文化の影響を各地に与えた。
It is okitsugu tanuma who devised a strategy for breaking out of this situation by levying business taxes on production and distribution of commodities as a new source of revenue and furthermore carrying out the large-scale development of a new fields and development of the ezo (present hokkaido ). これを打開するため、発展してきた商品生産・流通に新たな財源を見出し、さらに大規模な新田開発と蝦夷地開発を試みたのが田沼意次であった。
In order to solve their financial problems , the domains protected and encouraged the production of goods , set up domestic meeting places (meeting places for productions ) run by them , made merchants monopolize the purchase and sales by contracts , and gained the profits to fill the income of the domains . 藩財政の窮乏を打開するために商品生産を藩が保護・奨励し、藩営の国産会所(物産会所)を設けて、買い上げと販売を請負商人などに独占させ、その利潤を藩の収入に充当した。